Skills Assessment CCNA Cybersecurity Operations v1.0 f. What is the IP address of the internal computer involved in the events? What is the MAC address of the internal computer involved in the events? How did you find it? Hammerspoon What is Hammerspoon? This is a tool for powerful automation of OS X. At its core, Hammerspoon is just a bridge between the operating system and a Lua scripting engine. I’m a CyberSec major, and I use a Mac for school. All your labs are done within school, but you can run VM’s if you want to take you labs home with you. Parallels is decent for running VM’s and if you aren’t too familiar with virtualization, it’s pretty user friendly.

• The host is unable to communicate on the local network.
• There is no impact on communications.
• The host can communicate with other hosts on remote networks, but is unable to communicate with hosts on the local network.
• The host can communicate with other hosts on the local network, but isunable to communicate with hosts on remote networks. *

• Duplex
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Broadcast *

• A DHCPDISCOVER message is sent with a multicast IP address that all DHCP servers listen to as the destination address.
• A DHCPDISCOVER message is sent with the broadcast IP address as the destination address.
• A DHCPDISCOVER message is sent with the IP address of the default gateway as the destination address.
• A DHCPDISCOVER message is sent with the IP address of the DHCP server as the destination address.

• www
• http
• index
• com

Refer to the exhibit. A cybersecurity analyst is viewing captured ICMP echo request packets sent from host A to host B on switch S2. What is the source MAC address of Ethernet frames carrying the ICMP echo request packets?

• 08-CB-8A-5C-D5-BA
• 00-D0-D3-BE-79-26
• 00-60-0F-B1-D1-11
• 01-90-C0-E4-55-BB

• PC-A
• router DG
• DSN server
• router ISP
• web server

• encoding
• multiplexing
• encapsulation
• segmentation

• frame
• file
• packet
• segment

• Destination IPv4 address to the source MAC address
• Destination IPv4 address to the destination hostname
• Destination MAC address to the source IPv4 address
• Destination MAC address to a destination IPv4 address *

• The client can download data from or upload data to the server. *
• The client can choose if FTP is going to establish one or two connections with the server.
• FTP is a peer-to-peer application.
• FTP does not provide reliability during data transmission.

• Session
• Transport *
• Network *
• Data link
• Physical

• The TCP/IP transport layer and OSI Layer 4 provide similar services and functions. *
• The TCP/IP network access layer has similar functions to the OSI network layer.
• The OSI Layer 7 and the TCP/IP application layer provide identical functions.
• The first three OSI layers describe general services that are also provided by the TCP/IP Internet layer.

• SMTP
• POP3
• DHCP
• HTTP
• DNS

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• UDP sequence number
• TCP 3-way handshake
• TCP port number
• UDP ACK flag

• /26
• /27
• /28
• /25

• Multiple ARP replies result in the switch MAC address table containing entries that match the MAC addresses of hosts that are connected to the relevant switch port.
• Network attackers could manipulate MAC address and IP address mappings in ARP messages with the intent of intercepting network traffic.
• On large networks with low bandwidth, multiple ARP broadcasts could cause data communication delays.
• Manually configuring static ARP associations could facilitate ARP poisoning or MAC address spoofing.
• Large numbers of ARP request broadcasts could cause the host MAC address table to overflow and prevent the host from communicating on the network.

• sequence numbers
• FCS
• acknowledgments
• window size

• 2001::abcd::1
• 2001:0:abcd::1
• 2001::abcd:0:1
• 2001:0:0:abcd::1 *
• 2001:0000:abcd::1

• ARP
• DHCP *
• DNS *
• FTP *
• NAT
• PPP

• An ARP request is sent to all devices on the Ethernet LAN and contains the IP address of the destination host and its multicast MAC address.
• If no device responds to the ARP request, then the originating node will broadcast the data packet to all devices on the network segment.
• When a host is encapsulating a packet into a frame, it refers to the MAC address table to determine the mapping of IP addresses to MAC addresses.
• If a host is ready to send a packet to a local destination device and it has the IP address but not the MAC address of the destination, it generates an ARP broadcast.
• If a device receiving an ARP request has the destination IPv4 address, it responds with an ARP reply.

• outside global
• outside local
• inside local
• inside global

Refer to the exhibit. PC1 issues an ARP request because it needs to send a packet to PC2. In this scenario, what will happen next?

• SW1 will send an ARP reply with the PC2 MAC address.
• PC2 will send an ARP reply with its MAC address.
• RT1 will send an ARP reply with its Fa0/0 MAC address.
• RT1 will send an ARP reply with the PC2 MAC address.
• SW1 will send an ARP reply with its Fa0/1 MAC address.

• Unacknowledged data packets are retransmitted.
• Destination devices receive traffic with minimal delay.
• Destination devices reassemble messages and pass them to an application.
• Transmitted data segments are tracked.
• Received data is unacknowledged.

• 2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0BAF:0000:3F57:FE94
• 2001:0DB8:0000:0BAF:0000:0000:3F57:FE94
• 2001:DB80:0000:0000:BAF0:0000:3F57:FE94
• 2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0000:0BAF:3F57:FE94

• to provide secure Internet file transfer
• to convert a URL name into an IP address
• to forward traffic on the basis of MAC addresses
• to encapsulate data that is used to communicate across a network
• to select the paths that are used to direct traffic to destination networks

• to provide feedback of IP packet transmissions
• to monitor the process of a domain name to IP address resolution
• to inform routers about network topology changes
• to ensure the delivery of an IP packet

• The message is lost because FTP does not use a reliable delivery method.
• The part of the FTP message that was lost is re-sent.
• The FTP source host sends a query to the destination host.
• The entire FTP message is re-sent.

• conserve IPv4 addresses
• allow peer-to-peer file sharing
• enhance network performance
• increase network security

• to identify the network address of the destination network
• to identify the host address of the destination host
• to identify the broadcast address of the destination network
• to identify faulty frames

• 192.135.250.1
• 192.133.219.0
• 192.133.219.1
• 192.31.7.1

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• 192.167.10.10
• 10.1.1.1
• 192.168.5.5
• 172.16.4.4
• 172.32.5.2
• 224.6.6.6

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Individuals who have a valid authorized need to access DoD Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)- protected information but do not have access to a government site or government-furnished equipment will need to configure their systems to access PKI-protected content.

Accessing DoD PKI-protected information is most commonly achieved using the PKI certificates stored on your Common Access Card (CAC). The certificates on your CAC can allow you to perform routine activities such as accessing OWA, signing documents, and viewing other PKI-protected information online. For more information about your CAC and the information stored on it, visit http://www.cac.mil.

Before you begin, make sure you know your organization’s policies regarding remote use.

Windows

To get started you will need:

• CAC
• Card reader
• Middleware (if necessary, depending on your operating system version)

You can get started using your CAC by following these basic steps:

1. Get a card reader.
   At this time, the best advice for obtaining a card reader is to work with your home component to get one. In addition, please review the DoD CAC Reader Specifications for more information regarding the requirements for a card reader.
2. Install middleware, if necessary.
   You may need additional middleware, depending on the operating system you use. Please contact your CC/S/A for more information on the middlew​are requirements for your organization. You can find their contact information on our Contact Us tab.
3. Install DoD root certificates with InstallRoot (32-bit, 64-bit or Non Administrator).
   In order for your machine to recognize your CAC certificates and DoD websites as trusted, run the InstallRoot utility (32-bit, 64-bit or Non Administrator) to install the DoD CA certificates on Microsoft operating systems. If you’re running an alternate operating system such as Mac OS or Linux, you can import certificates from the PKCS 7 bundle. The InstallRoot User Guide is available here.
4. Make certificates available to your operating system and/or browser, if necessary.
   Pick your browser for specific instructions.

Mac

To get started you will need:

• CAC (see note below)
• Card reader

You can get started using your CAC on your Mac OS X system by following these basic steps:

1. Get a card reader
   Typically Macs do not come with card readers and therefore an external card reader is necessary. At this time, the best advice for obtaining a card reader is through working with your home component. In addition, please review the DoD CAC Reader Specifications for more information regarding card reader requirements.
2. Download and install the OS X Smartcard Services package
   The OS X Smartcard Services Package allows a Mac to read and communicate with a smart card. In order for your machine to recognize your CAC certificates and DoD websites as trusted, the installer will load the DoD CA certificates on OS X. Please refer to this page for specific installation instructions.
3. Address the cross-certificate chaining Issue
   These instructions walk through adjusting the trust settings on the Interoperability Root CA (IRCA) > DoD Root CA 2 and the US DoD CCEB IRCA 1 > DoD Root CA 2 certificates to prevent cross-certificate chaining issues. This can make it appear that your certificates are issued by roots other than the DoD Root CA 2 and can prevent access to DoD websites.
4. Configure Chrome and Safari, if necessary
   Safari and Google Chrome rely on Keychain Access properly recognizing your CAC certificates.
   1. In Finder, navigate to Go > Utilities and launch KeychainAccess.app
   2. Verify that your CAC certificates are recognized and displayed in Keychain Access

Note: CACs are currently made of different kinds of card stock. To determine what card stock you have, look at the back of your CAC above the magnetic strip. Most CACs are supported by the Smartcard Services package, however Oberthur ID One 128 v5.5 CACs are not. Third party middleware is available that will support these CACS; two such options are Thursby Software’s PKard and Centrify’s Express for Smart Card.

Linux

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To get started you will need:

• CAC
• Card reader
• Middleware

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You can get started using your CAC with Firefox on Linux machines by following these basic steps:

1. Get a card reader.
   At this time, the best advice for obtaining a card reader is to work with your home component to get one. In addition, please review the DoD CAC Reader Specifications for more information regarding the requirements for a card reader.
2. Obtain middleware.
   You will need middleware for Linux to communicate with the CAC. The CoolKey PKCS#11 module provides access to the CAC and can be installed using Linux package management commands.
   • For Debian-based distributions, use the command apt-get install coolkey
   • For Fedora-based distributions, use the command yum install coolkey. The CoolKey PKCS #11 module version 1.1.0 release 15 ships with RHEL 5.7 and above and is located at /usr/lib/pkcs11/libcoolkeypk11.so.

   If you prefer to build CoolKey from source, instructions are included in the Configuring Firefox for the CAC guide.

3. Configure Firefox to trust the DoD PKI and use the CAC.
   To configure Firefox to communicate with the CAC, follow these steps to install the DoD root and intermediate CA certificates into the Firefox NSS trust store, load the CoolKey library, and ensure the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) is being used to perform revocation checking.

Your internet browser is now configured to access DoD websites using the certificates on your CAC. Now that your machine is properly configured, please login and visit our End Users page for more information on using the PKI certificates on your CAC.